What are the 3 causes of turbulence?

The identification of the three causes of turbulence correctly points to convective currents, mechanical turbulence, and wind shear.

Convective currents arise when warm air rises due to heating from the Earth's surface, which can create turbulent conditions as the rising warm air interacts with surrounding cooler air. This type of turbulence is often observed during hot days, especially over land where the ground heats unevenly.

Mechanical turbulence refers to the disruption of airflow caused by obstacles, such as buildings, trees, and mountainous terrain. These obstructions can cause the wind to change direction and speed, leading to turbulent airflow in the vicinity. This turbulence is common in urban areas or regions with varied topography.

Wind shear involves a change in wind speed and direction with altitude. Different layers of the atmosphere can have varying wind conditions, and when an aircraft travels from one layer to another, it can experience turbulence. This is particularly vital for understanding turbulence in different flight phases, such as during takeoff and landing when an aircraft may encounter varied wind profiles.

The other choices include incorrect elements such as atmospheric pressure and light winds, which do not directly cause turbulence in the same manner the selected causes do. Understanding these specific causes is crucial for anticipating and managing turbulence, which is essential for flight safety.